Today, we viewed our dishes with agar in them that we worked on yesterday, and we put our results in our packets. Also, UP pg. 33 was completed, and it wasn't too hard, so there isn't much time needed to complete this task. We went over UP pgs. 31-32, these pages give you a better idea of how certain diseases differentiate between each other. Finally, we also completed the notes on bacteria that we left off from yesterday, and we took notes until the page entitled:
"Nonspecific diseases". So, if you wish to look at the notes, go into moodle under Mrs. Andrews' name, and the notes should show up.
This hereby concludes today's blog
next scribe - CJ
Thursday, October 21, 2010
October 20th
o Set up Bacteria lab (UP pg. 19-25)
o Chapter notes- (pg. 10-top 13)
We looked at some important notes
Bacteria Cell:o They have no nucleus
o Most have cell wall exterior to plasma membraneo 50% are Motile (can move)
o Sessile- stationary
3 types of bacteria:o Cocci: spheres
o Bacilli: rod-shaped
o Spirochete: spiral-shaped
Bacteria Reproduction:o Can reproduce if conditions are favorable
o Their cells divide through binary fission
conjugation - sexual reproduction with 2 different bacteria cells
Endospore:o Can survive extended periods in harsh conditions
o Lack of water/ nutrients
o Extreme temperatures
o Most are poisons
o Found in some prokaryotes
o Outer cell produces the Endospore
o Outer cell may disappear, but Endospore survives
o Some can remain like this for centuries
Impact of Prokaryotes on Humans:o Disease- causing Bacteria
o Exotoxins: poisonous proteins secreted by the bacteria cells
o Often causes vomiting and diarrhea
o Endotoxins: chemical components of the cell wall on the cell
o Often causes fever, aches, drop in BP
Power of Antibiotics:o Zone of Inhibition: the areas where the growth of bacteria is prevented (inhibited) by an antibiotic or other substance
next scribe - Skyler
o Chapter notes- (pg. 10-top 13)
We looked at some important notes
Bacteria Cell:o They have no nucleus
o Most have cell wall exterior to plasma membraneo 50% are Motile (can move)
o Sessile- stationary
3 types of bacteria:o Cocci: spheres
o Bacilli: rod-shaped
o Spirochete: spiral-shaped
Bacteria Reproduction:o Can reproduce if conditions are favorable
o Their cells divide through binary fission
conjugation - sexual reproduction with 2 different bacteria cells
Endospore:o Can survive extended periods in harsh conditions
o Lack of water/ nutrients
o Extreme temperatures
o Most are poisons
o Found in some prokaryotes
o Outer cell produces the Endospore
o Outer cell may disappear, but Endospore survives
o Some can remain like this for centuries
Impact of Prokaryotes on Humans:o Disease- causing Bacteria
o Exotoxins: poisonous proteins secreted by the bacteria cells
o Often causes vomiting and diarrhea
o Endotoxins: chemical components of the cell wall on the cell
o Often causes fever, aches, drop in BP
Power of Antibiotics:o Zone of Inhibition: the areas where the growth of bacteria is prevented (inhibited) by an antibiotic or other substance
next scribe - Skyler
Wednesday, October 20, 2010
October 18th
Today we learned how we get sick. Pathogens are one way to get sick.
Viruses are considered both life and non life, since they ahve characteristics of both.
Life: Highly organized with genes
Non-Life: not cellular, cannot reproduce on own
Viruses infect a living cell. one way they do this is the lyctic cycle, where DNA is injected by virus into host cell to produce copies of virus.
DNA viruses usually reproduce in host cell's cytoplasm, sometimes in nucleus.
Prokaryotes have been around for 2 billion years.
Next Scribe - Nick
Viruses are considered both life and non life, since they ahve characteristics of both.
Life: Highly organized with genes
Non-Life: not cellular, cannot reproduce on own
Viruses infect a living cell. one way they do this is the lyctic cycle, where DNA is injected by virus into host cell to produce copies of virus.
DNA viruses usually reproduce in host cell's cytoplasm, sometimes in nucleus.
Prokaryotes have been around for 2 billion years.
Next Scribe - Nick
Sunday, October 10, 2010
MITOSIS 10/8/10
James
Unit 2 - CELLS
MITOSIS = cell division
Scribe Post for Friday, 10/8/10
Cells divide to replace damaged cells, reproduce organisms, to grow, to transfer genes from cell to cell, and for a unicellular organism to become multicellular
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
Sexual (MEIOSIS)- fertilization of an egg by sperm (each contain half of the parent cell's chromosomes), occurs in reproductive organs (ovaries/testes)
Asexual (MITOSIS)- no fertilization at all, parent and offspring have the same genes, binary fission (organism splits into 2, found in single celled organisms)
Chromosomes
-Contain almost all genes of a eukaryotic cell
-Visible with light microscope during cell division
-Chromatin (invisible) are masses of long thin fibers, contain DNA/protein
-Before cell division, chromatin coils up to form chromosomes
-Humans have 46 chromosomes (varies by species)
-Each chromosome can have over 1,000 genes
Chromosome Replication
-Genetic material must be doubled before cell division to make sure that the daughter cells match the parent cell
--Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other connected at the centromere
--Daughter cells are the result of cell division, DOES NOT IMPLY GENDER
The Cell Cycle
Interphase (Pre-Mitosis) - 90% of cell cycle
-GI (Gap 1) - cell grows 2x bigger, protein synthesis, more organelles, 2x cytoplasm
-S (Synthesis) - chromosome replication (in nucleus)
-G2 (Gap 2) - Final preparation before division
Prophase - CHROMOSOMES AND SPINDLE FIBERS COME, NUCLEAR ENVELOPE GOES!
-Chromosomes coil/condense to become visible
-Nucleoli disappears
-Sister chromatids connected at centromere
-Spindle forms
-Nuclear envelope breaks down
-Spindle attaches to centromeres and move chromosomes to center of cell
Metaphase - DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES CENTER UP!
-Spindle completely formed
-Centromeres on chromosomes are lined up on equator between the poles
-Spindle is attached to each sister chromatid, pushes chromosomes to center
Anaphase - DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES SEPARATE AND MIGRATE!
-Sister chromatids are separated and each are now known as daughter chromosomes
-Motor proteins on centromeres move chromosomes toward opposite pole of cell
-Spindle attached to chromosomes shorten
-Spindle not attached to chromosomes lengthen to extend cell and force poles further apart to prepare for daughter cells
Telophase - NUCLEAR MEMBRANE FORMS AROUND NEW CHROMOSOMES!
-Begins once chromosomes reach poles
-Opposite of Prophase
--Nuclear envelope REAPPEARS
--Nucleoli REAPPEAR
--Chromosomes UNCOIL
--Spindle DISAPPEARS
--MITOSIS IS NOW FINISHED
Cytokinesis - CYTOPLASM DIVIDES TO FORM 2 DAUGHTER CELLS!
-Begins during telophase
-'CLEAVAGE' in animal cells
-cleavage = indent at equator of cell that pinches cell in 2
-Formed by ring of microfilaments inside cell membrane
-In plant cells, cell plate forms by starting in center of cell and moving outward to bisect cell
Cell Cycle Control
-Cells that are not directed by the cell cycle divide out of control
-Result is a benign tumor (abnormal mass of normal cells)
--can cause problems depending on location
--as it grows, displaces normal tissue
Cancer
-Cancer cells have faulty cell cycle, divide out of control
-Malignant tumor = lump that results from division of cancer cell
-Metastasis = spreading of cancer cells to other organs
-Cancer is named for where they begin
--Carcinomas - originate in external/internal coverings of body
--Sarcomas - originate in tissues that support body
--Leukemia - cancer of blood forming tissue (bone marrow)
--Lymphomas - cancer of blood forming tissue (lymph nodes)
Cancer Treatments
Radiation Therapy
-Cancer cells exposed to high-energy radiation disrupt cell division
-Radiation destroys cancer cells without harming normal cells
-Bad side effects (sterility)
Chemotherapy
-Drugs that disrupt cell division
-Antimitotic drugs - prevent cell division by interfering with spindle formation
NEXT SCRIBE: Davin L
Thursday, October 7, 2010
October 7, 2010
Justin Abraham
First Mrs. Andrews collected the UP pages 41 and 42.
IMPORTANT DATE CHANGE- Unit 2 test will be Thursday Oct.
Naked Egg Demo #3:
We looked at the egg. This time it was in corn syrup. Here is how it looked like...
• There was almost no shell left.
• The top was caved in a little.
• The inside of the egg was hypotonic and the corn syrup outside was hypertonic because the syrup has a much higher concentration of solute.
• The color of the egg was not pure white anymore, it had a little yellow color.
Went to the Computer Room
• Started UP pages 49-51.
• The websites were about Mitosis.
Homework:
First Mrs. Andrews collected the UP pages 41 and 42.
IMPORTANT DATE CHANGE- Unit 2 test will be Thursday Oct.
Naked Egg Demo #3:
We looked at the egg. This time it was in corn syrup. Here is how it looked like...
• There was almost no shell left.
• The top was caved in a little.
• The inside of the egg was hypotonic and the corn syrup outside was hypertonic because the syrup has a much higher concentration of solute.
• The color of the egg was not pure white anymore, it had a little yellow color.
Went to the Computer Room
• Started UP pages 49-51.
• The websites were about Mitosis.
Homework:
- Finish UP pages 49-51
- Read lab on UP pages 53-60
- Study for Unit 2 Test on Thursday
Wednesday, October 6, 2010
Demos and Notes
Egg Osmosis Demo Day 2
Egg soaked in vinegar:
Hard shell gradually broken down by vinegar
- surrounded by bubbles (slowly eat away shell)
- soft, gooey feeling
Normal and Plasmolyzed Cells Demo
Purpose: To see the differerence(s) between a normal and plasmolyzed cell
Hypotonic: normal elodea leaf cell (good)
- tap water added
- cell membrane doesn't change
Hypertonic: plasmolyzed elodea leaf cell (bad)
- salt water added
- vacuole shrunk
- empty space between membrane and cell wall
Notes
-Pinocytosis
-Receptor-Mediated
Homework
Egg soaked in vinegar:
Hard shell gradually broken down by vinegar
- surrounded by bubbles (slowly eat away shell)
- soft, gooey feeling
Normal and Plasmolyzed Cells Demo
Purpose: To see the differerence(s) between a normal and plasmolyzed cell
Hypotonic: normal elodea leaf cell (good)
- tap water added
- cell membrane doesn't change
Hypertonic: plasmolyzed elodea leaf cell (bad)
- salt water added
- vacuole shrunk
- empty space between membrane and cell wall
Notes
- Exocytosis
- Endocytosis: 3 types
-Pinocytosis
-Receptor-Mediated
Homework
- Finish Lab
- Read Chapter 8 p.121-129 (Mitosis and Cancer)
Tuesday, October 5, 2010
Scribe Post 10/5/10 Diffusion Lab and Quiz
Agenda:
First we talked about the naked egg experiment, in which an egg is placed in various substances to prove the diffusion that takes place while the egg is in the substances.
Next we set up for the lab.
Then we took a quiz and when we were finished recorded our results from the lab.
Lab Summary:
The lab was about diffusion, and was a cellophane dialysis tube with starch, water, and glucose, sitting in a beaker of iodine and water. When the tube was observed after the quiz the water had turned almost black inside the tube and the beaker seemed to have stayed the same. The color change was because of the combination of iodine and starch within the tube. The iodine got in the tube because of diffusion and because it started with a higher concentration in the beaker and moved to lower concentration in the tube.
Lab Questions:
You know the iodine diffused in the lab because of the color change in the tube, showing the presence of iodine and starch.
The starch however did not diffuse to the outside of the tube, because if it had, the water in the beaker outside the tube would have been black like the inside of the tube, because the iodine and starch would have mixed. It didn't diffuse because it was a lower concentration than the occupants of beaker around the tube.
The glucose didn't obviously diffuse during the lab, or the water would have been a bit darker in the beaker because glucose and iodine turn dark brown when mixed.
Iodine and water diffused through the membrane of the cellophane tube.
Starch and glucose did not, that we could observe, diffuse through the cellophane tube membrane.
The failure of starch to diffuse through the membrane could have been because the molecules were bigger and less concentrated and didn't need to diffuse to an area of lower concentration to be spread out.
Materials can't pass through selectively permeable membranes going different directions at the same time, because it's selectively permeable and only certain amounts of certain substances can pass through at once.
The materials that diffused in opposite directions during this experiment were water and iodine.
A cell is dead when it is in complete equilibrium with its surroundings because nothing is being transferred. No energy or materials are being passed back and forth therefore the cell isn't functioning and would be dead.
It's harmful to add salt water to a fresh water plant because the salt soaks up the water that the plant needs to absorb, and the plant becomes dehydrated.
Next scribe Christine K.
First we talked about the naked egg experiment, in which an egg is placed in various substances to prove the diffusion that takes place while the egg is in the substances.
Next we set up for the lab.
Then we took a quiz and when we were finished recorded our results from the lab.
Lab Summary:
The lab was about diffusion, and was a cellophane dialysis tube with starch, water, and glucose, sitting in a beaker of iodine and water. When the tube was observed after the quiz the water had turned almost black inside the tube and the beaker seemed to have stayed the same. The color change was because of the combination of iodine and starch within the tube. The iodine got in the tube because of diffusion and because it started with a higher concentration in the beaker and moved to lower concentration in the tube.
Lab Questions:
You know the iodine diffused in the lab because of the color change in the tube, showing the presence of iodine and starch.
The starch however did not diffuse to the outside of the tube, because if it had, the water in the beaker outside the tube would have been black like the inside of the tube, because the iodine and starch would have mixed. It didn't diffuse because it was a lower concentration than the occupants of beaker around the tube.
The glucose didn't obviously diffuse during the lab, or the water would have been a bit darker in the beaker because glucose and iodine turn dark brown when mixed.
Iodine and water diffused through the membrane of the cellophane tube.
Starch and glucose did not, that we could observe, diffuse through the cellophane tube membrane.
The failure of starch to diffuse through the membrane could have been because the molecules were bigger and less concentrated and didn't need to diffuse to an area of lower concentration to be spread out.
Materials can't pass through selectively permeable membranes going different directions at the same time, because it's selectively permeable and only certain amounts of certain substances can pass through at once.
The materials that diffused in opposite directions during this experiment were water and iodine.
A cell is dead when it is in complete equilibrium with its surroundings because nothing is being transferred. No energy or materials are being passed back and forth therefore the cell isn't functioning and would be dead.
It's harmful to add salt water to a fresh water plant because the salt soaks up the water that the plant needs to absorb, and the plant becomes dehydrated.
Next scribe Christine K.
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