April 19. 2011

Notes:
GLYCOLYSIS:

• 6 carbons in, 6 carbons out (glucose, 2 pyruvic acid)
• 2 ATP needed at beginning as investment
• 4 ATP released, 2 ATP gained at end
• REMEMBER: break bond--> release energy. form bond--> store potential energy

GLYCOLYSIS TO KREBS CYCLE:

• 2 Reactants: NAD+ and Coenzyme A
• 3 Products: CO2, NADH (potential energy/energy carrier), Acetyl-CoA

KREBS CYCLE:

• 6 carbons in, 6 carbons out
• Reactants: Acetic acid, ADP+P, 3 NAD+, FAD
• Products: 2CO2, 2ATP, 3 NADH, FADH2 (energy carrier)

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN:

• concentration gradient similar to photosynthesis,
• H+ ions move from high concentration to low concentration by diffusion,
• fuels ATP sythase to create ATP from ADP (34 total)
• O2 is final electron acceptor, bonds with H+ to form H2O

AEROBIC VS. ANAEROBIC:

• example of anaerobic function: sprinting
• anaerobic: doesn't require oxygen
• aerobic: requires oxygen
• facultative anaerobe can break down with or without oxygen
• obligate anaerobe is poisoned by oxygen
• obligate aerobe dependent on oxygen to survive
• body cells facultative anaerobes
• human body is an obligate aerobe

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION:

• Only 2 ATP produced compared to 34-38 in cellular respiration
• anaerobic glycolysis is included in process
• lactic acid is waste product
• anaerobic

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION:

• Yeast produces ethyl alcohol and CO2
• anaerobic

Next Scribe: Sonali

Feb 4

Hardy-Weinberg
important things to remember:

Punnett Squares
-know where to place dominant homozygous, heterozygous, recessive homozygous











p= dominant
q= recessive

p+q=1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

If you know p, then you know q (and vice versa)

know the difference between frequency and percentage

know the difference between finding the frequency/percentage of a gene (p/q) and population (2pq/p^2/q^2)

read the question carefully- the given info might not be what you think at first
go back to genetics notes if you forgot recessive/ dominant diseases

Notes
Vocab
-microevolution
-genetic drift:
-bottleneck/founder effect
-gene pool
-gene flow
-mutations
-natural selection:
-directional, diversifying, stabilizing
-darwinian fitness

Next scribe - CJ

Scribe Post 11/15/10

Notes:

Testcross:
used to determine true-breeding variety of plant (A_ x aa  cross an unknown dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive to determine if second allele is A OR a.)

2-Factor Crosses:



















2 traits being passed on
- probabilities
2 coins flipped simultaneously.
Chance of tails/tails? 1/2 tails x 1/2 tails = 1/4.
- phenotypes
ratios, what you see
- genotypes
ratios, genes

*Within each trait, dominant allele before recessive.
*stay in the order of the traits that you are given
ex. SSyy
SsYY
SsYy
SSYy
ssYy
ssYY
Lab #34:
Probability
Mendel's Laws:  know these!!
-law of dominance
-law of segregation
-law of independent assortment

Read carefully!!

Homework:
Finish Lab #34, UP p.59-62

Make sure you understand Meiosis and Mitosis!!!

Next Scribe: CJ

Demos and Notes

Egg Osmosis Demo Day 2
Egg soaked in vinegar:
Hard shell gradually broken down by vinegar
- surrounded by bubbles (slowly eat away shell)
- soft, gooey feeling

Normal and Plasmolyzed Cells Demo

Purpose: To see the differerence(s) between a normal and plasmolyzed cell

Hypotonic: normal elodea leaf cell (good)
- tap water added
- cell membrane doesn't change

Hypertonic: plasmolyzed elodea leaf cell (bad)
- salt water added
- vacuole shrunk
- empty space between membrane and cell wall

Notes

• Exocytosis
• Endocytosis: 3 types

-Phagocytosis
-Pinocytosis
-Receptor-Mediated
Homework

• Finish Lab
• Read Chapter 8 p.121-129 (Mitosis and Cancer)

Next Scribe: Justin

9/2/10
Christine K
Ecology

Chapter 18 notes cont...
Vocab

• Population Ecology- factors that influence a population's size, growth rate, density & structure
• Population- group of individuals of the same species in a given area
• Population Density- # of individuals of a species per unit area/volume
• Sampling techniques- impossible to count ALL individuals; estimate
• Patterns of dispersion: Clumped, Uniform, Random
• Population Growth Models: Exponential Growth (J-curve), Logistic Growth (S-curve)
• 2 limiting factors of population growth: density-dependent, desity-independent
• Survirorship curve- plots # of organisms still alive at each age (3 types)
• Life History: Opportunistic, equilibrial, big bang

Video:

• Minamata disease- 1) mercury poisoning pollutes water 2)contaminates fish 3) consumed by animals 4) effects of food poisoning first shown through cats (paralysis, death) 5) people become paralyzed, some children born with paralysis
• DDT used to get rid of insects (esp. farmers)- Rachel Carson's Silent Spring publicizes negative effects, traced in pelican eggs causing them to break when incubating mother sits on them because the shells become thin
• Environmental problems

Homework:

• UP 37-41 for Tues.
• Termite Lab due Fri 9/10
• Read lab 58
• Oil Spill Paper 9/22

Next Scribe: Kristen M.