3/9/11

CHANGES IN THE PLANT LAB: (UP 11)
For the graph, you will draw 4 lines per line graph.
1. Your water rosette
2. Your GA rosette
3. Class Avg. water rosette
4. Class Avg. GA rosette

New terms:
gibberellin ~ substance that make stems longer
hormone ~ substance that messes with women during pregnancy (transports around organism with specific effect)
node ~ points where leaves are connected
internode ~ part of stem in between 2 nodes

Why study plants?
-B.E.A. uuuutiful. -Jim Carrey, Bruce Almighty -Foodclothesenergylumberpaperoxygenwaterrecreationart ETC.
-Forests are being destroyed... we are gon' learn how we can help!

PLANT KINGDOM
-Multicellular Eukaryotic Autotroph

Adapted to Land:
1. Mycorrhizae ~ plant root/fungi alliance
Fungi absorb the soil's minerals for plant, plant's sugar nourishes fungi in return.
2. Stomata ~ pores in a leaf exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen.
3. Cuticle (Cutin) ~ leaf wax, holds water
4. Lignin ~ hardens cell walls
5. Roots and shoots ~ stem plant growth
6. Xylem tissue moves water up^
Phloem tissue moves food around <>
7. Gametangia ~ cell shield that guards female gamete chamber
8. Seed dispersal ~ relies on wind/animals... =plant reproduction

Origin of Plants from Green Algae
Charophycean ~ multicell green algae-Mother of Plants
Plant Evolution: 1. bryophytes (moss)
2. ferns (reproduce via spore)
3. gymnosperms (Christmas trees)
4. angiosperms (flowers)

1. bryophytes
-MOSS, many plants packed together
-NO CUTICLE WAX, no true roots
-reproduce needs water, flagellated sperm swim to egg
-No vascular tissue(no water transport), no lignin(cell wall)
-Damp Dark places
-Green sponge plant ~ gametophyte
-Grows from gametophyte, tall brown shoot with capsule ~ sporophyte

Generations Take Turns
-Generations take turns making each other
Gametophytes' egg and sperm make zygote, makes new sporophytes
Sporophytes' spores make strong organisms, makes new gametophytes

[Note to next scribe: Start off notes with II.Ferns on page 7 of note packet.]

Extra Credit: Find moss with both Gametophyte and Sporophyte generations and bring em'!

WILDLANDS PROJECT: SHOULD WE SAVE THEM?
-In groups of 4, an American wildland was chosen and we are to research them.
-Using GoogleDocs, we are to create an 8 minute presentation that we will present when we return from SPRING BREAK! ... (to get to GoogleDocs, sign in with your Glenbrook225 email on Google.com and on the top left of Google, there should be a 'More' arrow...click and select "Documents"
-Requirements for project are on page 3 of UP, Rubric on page 4 of UP
-Next Friday, 3/18, will be the 2nd and last IMC work day. Be solid by then.

SPLIT UP THE WORK.



scribe: Justin Timberlake

Chordata, 3/2/11

CJ P.

We looked at things inside of jars. These things have something in common. They are all part of the phylum: CHORDATA. They are also all in the sub-phylum: VERTEBRAE.

There are 7 classes of vertebrae:
1. Agnatha
2. Chondrichthyes
3. Osteichthyes
4. Amphibia
5. Reptilia
6. Aves
7. Mammalia

The common chordate traits are:
dorsal hollow nerve cord
gills or pharyngeal slits
post anal tail
segmentation



AGNATHA:
-lack jaws
-includes lampreys
-sometimes are parasites
EXOTHERMIC.



CHONDRICHTHYES:
-usually predators
-sharks can sense electrical movements
-nearly all marine
EXOTHERMIC




OSTEICHTHYES:
-bony fishes
-skeletons
-they are buoyant, unlike sharks
-the operculum is a protective flap that allows
the fish to breathe without swimming
EXOTHERMIC




AMPHIBIAN:
-"double life"
-moist skin
-includes metamorphosis
EXOTHERMIC





REPTILIA:
-first evolved amniotic eggs (water containing eggs)
-regulate internal temperature by behavior
EXOTHERMIC






AVES:
-also have amniotic eggs
-they have scales on their feet like reptiles
ENDOTHERMIC





MAMMALIA:
-constant internal temperature
ENDOTHERMIC


three groups of mammals:

1. Monotremes (egg laying mammals)

2. Marsupials (pouched mammals)
3. Eutherians (placentas provide long lasting association between mom and child)

hw: Nature due on Friday, 87-93 and extra credit 81-82

scribe: Nick.



the end.

Kingdom Animalia : Phyla

Today's schedule was going over the hydra and planarian lab, do pages 33-34 in the UP, and then notes.

Pages 33-34 was about a phylogenetic tree. *Animals on the outside are still living and animals that stop somewhere in the middle went extinct.

Embryonic development details:

Two branches for the animals with true coeloms:

1. Mollusks, annelids, and anthropods- mouth comes first -- protostomes
2. Echinoderms and chordates- anus comes first -- deuterostomes

Animalia Kingdom: 8 major phyla

Porifera- sponges

they are sessile;

simplest animals;

can be 1 cm or 2 m;

no nerves or muscles;

live in marine (salt water);

body is like a sace perforated with holes to let the water flow through;

digest food using phagocytosis;

eat bacteria from the water.

Cnidaria- jellyfish

have radial symmetry (more than one way to cut in half);

carnivores with stinging cells;

have a gastrovascular cavity (mouth and anus in one);

can be sessile (polyp) or free-floating (medusa).

Platyhelminthes- flatworms

bilateral symmetry (only one way to cut in half);

can live in marine, freshwater and even damp land;

can be parisitic (tapeworms);

no digestive tract in the parasites.

Nematoda- roundworms

most diverse animals known;

they live in wet soil and most aquatic habitats;

they have a completes digestive tract (mouth and an anus);

they are pseudocoelomates (body cavity partially lined with mesoderm;

can be very parasitic.

Mollusca- snails

soft bodied-usually with a hard protected shell;

feed using a straplike rasping organ called a radula;

can live in freshwater, marine, or land;

three main parts to the body-a muscular foot, a body mass with organs, and a drape-like mantle;

three major classes-gastropods (snails and slugs)

-bivalves (clams, oysters, and mussels)

-cephalopods (squids and octopuses)

Annelida- segmented worms

have body segementation (division on body into equal parts);

live in the sea, freshwater, and wet soil;

three major classes are earthworms, polychaetes, and leeches;

nourish the soil;

polychaetes are marine;

leeches have been used for medicine in the past.

Arthropoda- millipedes

have jointed appedages;

most successful phyla;

specialized functions: walking, feeding, sensory reception, copulation, defense, exoskeleton.

Echinodermata-seastars

HAVE NOT FINISHED THE NOTES ON THESE AS OF NOW.

The homework was UP pgs 37-38, prelab pgs 45-54, nature cover, and to read chapter 17

Next scribe: Skyler

( these were colorful but the color didn't work :[

2.18.11

Yunsu Y.

↑Parmecium ↑

Protists:

• Most protists are single celled, but there are still some that are multicellular.


• They are eukaryotes and more complex than prokaryotes.


• 2 Theories of how eukaryotic cells evolved :

1. All organelles evolved from inward folds of the plasma membrane or endocytosis. ----except mitochondria and chloroplast, because they have their own DNA.


2. Endosymbiosis

• developed by Lynn Margulis


• chloroplast and mitochondria evolved from small prokaryotes that established residenc within other, larger host prokaryotes.----the host cell may have injested theses for food and if remained alive, continued to perform respiration within cell.

• Like before, most are unicellular, but some are colonial or mulitcellular. (those two are different.)

1. 4 categories of protists:

• protozoans


• slime molds


• unicellular algae


• seaweeds

1. Protozoans

• Ingest food and have to live in the water, wet soil or watery enviornment inside animals.


• They have flagellates: one or more to move. Free living but some are parasitic


• Amoeboas: move by pseudopodia-extensions of cytoplasm.


• Forams: move with pseudopodia and components of limestone.


• Apicomlexans: all parasitic and named for an apparatus at their apex.


• Ciliates: use cilia to move and feed.

2. Slime molds:

• may look like fungi but not closely related.


• decomposers

3. Unicellular Algae:

• have chloroplast


• components of plankton-communities of organism, microscopic and drift or swim near surface of ponds and oceans.


• planktonic algae=phytoplankton


• 3 groups:

-Dinoflagellates: 2 flagella, blooms cause red tide.

-Diatoms: glassy cells walls with silica-used to make glass.

-Green algae: mostly in freshwater lakes and ponds. Most closely related to true plants but still towards the protists. Volvox is a colony of flagellated cells.

4. Seaweeds

• multicellular marine algae


• slimy rubbery substances that cushion bodies against waves


• Different colors like: green, red, brown


• Used fro food: found commonly in Asian food, soups, wraps, sushi.

-some have polysaccharides, humans cannot digest.

• Also used for thickeners: pudding, ice cream, salad dressing, and Gel agar in petri dishes.

After notes we worked on U.P pg 27-31, whatever that was not finished was homework.

HW: pre-lab U.P pg 39-43, be prepared on Monday, know what we are doing. Nature Due 3/4

Next Scribe: Davin L.

2.17.11

Kristen

Lab 44 and Fungi Notes

Today in class, we took notes on Fungus.

Some important things to remember.......

Fungi-

Decompose dead organisms

• Recycle vital chemicals back into the environment
• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophs
• Some fungi is pathogenic

Structure and Function

• Adapted for absorptive nutrition
• Hyphae- threads composed of tubular walls
• Hyphae form mycelium, which is the feeding network of a fungus

Reproduction

• Reproduce by releasing spores
• spores germinate to produce mycelia

Benefits

Eating

• Yeast
• Cheese
• Delicacies
• Antibiotics
• Mycorrhizae

More detailed notes in note packet

We also did Lab 44

Objectives:

In this activity you will:

1. Identify the parts of a mushroom

2. Observe basidia and spores of a mushroom

3. Observe the structure of lichens


Materials:

• mushroom
• hand lens
• paper
• lichens

We did not do everything that the procedure said. Mrs. Andrews showed us what the different thinngs looked like under the microscope.


Lab 44 is in the workbooks


Homework:

Finish Lab 44
You Pick 2 UP pg 15-26 (pick to keys to do)

Next Scribe: Yunsu

Diversity

2/16/2011

Systematics- studying biological diversity(past and present) to reconstruct evolutionary history

Taxonomy- classification of species

-used to communicate internationally (common names for each species)

-international language-Latin

Carolus Linnaeus-physician and botanist who started Binomial nomenclature (two-part name for each species)

-Ex: Homo sapien (Genus capitalized, species lowercase, both in italics, or underlined if handwritten)

hierarchial classification system puts species into broader groups:

-Domain

-Kingdom

-Phylum

-Class

-Order

-Family

-Genus

-Species

Before, species were grouped by appearance

Now, "Cladistic Revolution" has taken place because of use of DNA, molecules, and technology

-classify species with Cladistic analysis- search for clades("branch" which consists of an ancestor and its descendants in a tree of life)

-items in a clade can be species, classes, phyla, etc.

-focuses on evolutionary innovations that define branch points in evolution

-let phylogeny (evolutionary history of a group or species) be discovered

-most used method in systemics

Cladistic Analysis is shaking phlyogenetic trees

-puts birds and reptiles in separate classes

-produces phylogenetic trees conflicting with classical taxonomy

Classification:

Old way: with 5 kingdoms

New way: with 3 domains

Bacteria (prokaryote)

Archaea (prokaryote)

Eukarya (eukaryote-plants, animals, fungi, protists)

Taxonomic Key- listing of specific characteristics, such as structure and behavior, in such a way that an organism can be identified

-has 2 opposing statements

-always start at statement number 1

Homework: UP 7-14

Next Scribe: Kristen M.