Pig Dissection Day 1

FETAL PIG DISSECTION: Day 1

We started on our first incisions today after we tied down our pigs. The tying helped make clean cut incisions. These incisions led to seeing the abdominal cavity of the fetal pig. The liver takes up most of the upper part with the lungs and the intestines taking up most of the bottom. The gallbladder is hidden behind the lungs and the stomach is the balloon like structure kind of under the liver.

The sex of the pig can be determined by looking underneath the anus. Both males and females have nipples on the ventral surface. The females have a spike-like genital papilla. Males have a scrotal sac containing the testes under their anus.

Dissection to be continued in the next few posts.

Next scribe: Sally Y. :]

Unit 11: Body Tissues, Excretion, and Digestion

Anatomy = the study of the structure of an organism and its parts.

Physiology = the study of the function of these structures.

5 Levels of Organization:

• Cellular Level
• Tissue Level
• Organ Level
• Organ System Level
• The Organism Itself

Four Main Types of Tissues

1. Epithelial

2.Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

Epithelial Tissue:

covers surface of body, lines organs and cavities

*replaced completely every two weeks*

Connective Tissue:

sparse; scattered through an extracellular matrix; six major types

1. Loose Connective Tissue (webbed)
2. Adipose Tissue (fat)
3. Blood
4. Fibrous Connective Tissue
5. Cartilage
6. Bone

Loose: holds organs in place; loose weave, but strong; has elastic fibers -

"Snap it while you can!" - Christine Kim

Adipose: stores fat; fat bubbles expand when fat is consumed

Blood: red and white blood cells in plasma(liquid)

Fibrous: forms tendons(muscle to bone) and ligaments(bone to bone)

Cartilage: rubbery, but strong; heals slowly

"Sharks are made entirely of cartilage." - James Cho

Bone: rigid with calcium deposits; hard, but not brittle

Muscle Tissue:

MEAT! contract when stimulated by a signal

-3 types:

Skeletal: voluntary, striated(alignment), fixed number(weight lifting only expands)

Cardiac: only in the heart; striated, involuntary(do not have to think to make heart beat)

Smooth: walls of organs, blood vessels; involuntary, not striated

Nervous Tissue:

sends information from one body part to another

"Open" System

=

we exchange chemicals and energy with surroundings continuously

In = nutrients and oxygen

Out = waste and carbon dioxide

We exchange indirectly via our circulatory system

**Homeostasis**

=

VERY IMPORTANT WORD

It means keeping a steady state - internal body maintains constant conditions even when external environment changes.

Next Scribe: Nick.

Kingdom Animalia : Phyla

Today's schedule was going over the hydra and planarian lab, do pages 33-34 in the UP, and then notes.

Pages 33-34 was about a phylogenetic tree. *Animals on the outside are still living and animals that stop somewhere in the middle went extinct.

Embryonic development details:

Two branches for the animals with true coeloms:

1. Mollusks, annelids, and anthropods- mouth comes first -- protostomes
2. Echinoderms and chordates- anus comes first -- deuterostomes

Animalia Kingdom: 8 major phyla

Porifera- sponges

they are sessile;

simplest animals;

can be 1 cm or 2 m;

no nerves or muscles;

live in marine (salt water);

body is like a sace perforated with holes to let the water flow through;

digest food using phagocytosis;

eat bacteria from the water.

Cnidaria- jellyfish

have radial symmetry (more than one way to cut in half);

carnivores with stinging cells;

have a gastrovascular cavity (mouth and anus in one);

can be sessile (polyp) or free-floating (medusa).

Platyhelminthes- flatworms

bilateral symmetry (only one way to cut in half);

can live in marine, freshwater and even damp land;

can be parisitic (tapeworms);

no digestive tract in the parasites.

Nematoda- roundworms

most diverse animals known;

they live in wet soil and most aquatic habitats;

they have a completes digestive tract (mouth and an anus);

they are pseudocoelomates (body cavity partially lined with mesoderm;

can be very parasitic.

Mollusca- snails

soft bodied-usually with a hard protected shell;

feed using a straplike rasping organ called a radula;

can live in freshwater, marine, or land;

three main parts to the body-a muscular foot, a body mass with organs, and a drape-like mantle;

three major classes-gastropods (snails and slugs)

-bivalves (clams, oysters, and mussels)

-cephalopods (squids and octopuses)

Annelida- segmented worms

have body segementation (division on body into equal parts);

live in the sea, freshwater, and wet soil;

three major classes are earthworms, polychaetes, and leeches;

nourish the soil;

polychaetes are marine;

leeches have been used for medicine in the past.

Arthropoda- millipedes

have jointed appedages;

most successful phyla;

specialized functions: walking, feeding, sensory reception, copulation, defense, exoskeleton.

Echinodermata-seastars

HAVE NOT FINISHED THE NOTES ON THESE AS OF NOW.

The homework was UP pgs 37-38, prelab pgs 45-54, nature cover, and to read chapter 17

Next scribe: Skyler

( these were colorful but the color didn't work :[

Reproductive Alternatives and Contraception

Contraception

Contraception means a deliberate prevention of pregnancy that may work if used correctly.

Some types of contraception are:

Tubal Ligation- path of sperm blocked to egg

Vasectomy- vas deferens is cut

Rhythm Method- temporary abstinance

Withdrawal- removal of penis before ejaculation from vagina

Barrier Methods- physically preventing sperm from reaching the egg

Spermicides- sperm killing chemicals

Birth Control Pills- prevent ovulation

Morning After Pills- just like abortion

Abstinence- no sex at all

-MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD!

Most of the pills are just messing with the hormones in a female's body.

The difference between STD's and STI's:

STD's=sexually transmitted Diseases

STI's=sexually transmitted Infections

Viral STI's are not curable, but bacterial STI's are curable with drugs.

Reproductive Alternatives

When a couple has been having unprotected sex for over a year and are unable to conceive a child, it is official that one of them or both are infertile.

Male problems:

-low sperm count

-erectile dysfunction (impotence)

Female problems:

-lack of eggs

-failure to ovulate

-cannot support a growing embryo

Treatments for male problems:

-briefs to boxers-->to regulate the body temperature down there

-drug therapy

-sperm injection/bank

Treatments for female problems:

-hormone injections

-donor egg

-surrogate mother

-In Vitro fertilization*

*In Vitro fertilization

When a couple cannot concieve a child, they give their sperm and eggs to a laboratory and they sperm and eggs are combined outside of the female's body. After they eggs have been fertilized, multiple are inserted into the female's body, at about the eight cell stage, so that at least one survives. This can result in more than one baby.

Posted by Sonali

Next Scribe=Carey

Cells

Cells

Cytoskeleton

• The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm and it helps to hold the cells shape together.
• They are the "muscles" for movement.
• The three types are microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Microfilaments

• Helical rods made out of a globular protein called actin.
• These help the cell move and change their shape.
• Actin and other fibers work together to make muscles contract.

Intermediate Filaments

• These are ropelike fiberous proteins.
• They have reinforced rods to bear tension and they anchor organelles.

Microtubules

• Straight, hollow tubes that are made of globular proteins. They are called tubulins.
• Globular molecules are like small marbles.
• They make themselves longer by adding tubulin subunits to one end.
• Their functions are providing shape, tracks for organelles to move within teh cytoplasm, they guide the movement of chromosomes during cell division, and move the cilia and flagella.

Cilia

• Shorter than flagella and they are more numerous.
• Propel protists; single celled organisms.
• Can be damaged by smoking and line the respiratory tract.
• The cilia push debri up and out of the body.

Flagella

• A type of transport.
• Propel sperm, other animals, and protists.

Microtubule Structure

• Microtubules form a 9 + 2 arrangement which means that there are 9 doubles of microtubules forming a ring around one double.
• These make up one cilia or one flagella
• To move the cilia or flagella, a motor protein called dyneins is needed. It grabs ontioo an adjacent microtubule doublet.
• These structures are flexible.
• Basal bodies and centrioles have identical structures.
• Basal bodies are anchor cilia or flagella in the cytoplasm.

Plasma Membrane

Membranes of the Cell

• Plasma Membrane - cell's outer membrane (Cell Membrane)
• Endomembranes - smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, vacuole, and lysosome (only these internal oragnelles can break apart)
• Membranous envelopes - nucleus, chloroplast, and mitochodria (have 2 membranes)

Membrane Features

• Semi-permeable - allow some substances to pass through, but blocks the passage of other substances. (only small things can go through)
• Membranes enclose and maintain the specific chemical environment.
• Every membrane carries out its specific functions.

Membrane Structure

• Two layer membrane called phospholipid bilayer.
• Made of proteins and lipids
• Contains two fatty acids instead of three (hydrophobic)
• Contains a phosphate group in the place of the third fatty acid (hydrophilic)

Membranes and Proteins

• Specific proteins are inserted into the phosolipid bilayer to:

1. Attach to the cytoskeleton
2. Talk to other cells
3. Enzyme Activity
4. Transporting passively and actively
5. Two cells holding each other, intercellular joining
6. Cell-cell recognition

Flexibility

• Membranes are not rigid.
• Protiens move freely on the membrane and do not just stay in one spot.
• This is called the fluid mosaic model.

Diffusion and Osmosis

• In diffusion, the molecules move.
• In osmosis, the water moves.
• Diffusion: the tendency of molecules to move from a high concentration to a low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
• Equilibrium is when the conecentration of either side it equal.

Passive Transport

• Diffusion across a membrane.
• Cell does not use any energy for diffusion.
• Selectively permeable membrane.
• Water, O2, and CO2 go through the membrane because they are small.

Osmosis

• Osmosis: passive transport of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
• Solute = what is dissolved.
• Solvent = what the solute is dissolved in.
• Water moves across the membrane, not the solute.

Hypertonic

• High concentration of solute and lower for solvent.
• Hyper = above.
• Plasmolysis = losing water.
• Cells will shrivel up if there is not enough water.

Hypotonic

• High concentration of solvent and lower for solute.
• Hypo = below.
• Lysing = bursting of a cell.
• Good for plant cells.

Isotomic

• Everything is equal.
• Isos = equal.
• Animal cells like this, but plant cells do not.

Effect on living animal cells

• Osmoregulation - control of water balance.
• Animals must use this to survive.
• Blood cells love this.

Effect on living plant cells

• Most plants thrive in a hypotonic environment when the vacuole is full.
• Plants become wilted in a isotonic environment.

Posted on 10/4/2010

Next Scribe: Katie B.

Cell Lab

Some Parts of a Cell:

Mitochondrion: provide the energy a cell needs to move divide, etc.

Gogli Apparatus: important in packaging and transporting macromolecules.

Nucleolus: produces ribosomes.

Cytoskeleton: helps maintain cell shape.

Cytosol: where all the cell organelles reside.

Lysosome: help in intracellular digestion.

Chloroplast: give the green color and take part in photosynthesis.

Vacuole: storage of water.

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.

Facts:

Only bacterial cells and plant cells have cell walls.

Only plant cells have central vacuoles and chloroplasts.

Only animal cells have centrioles, lysosomes, and flagellum.

Flagellum help the cell move around its environment.

Cilia also help the cell navigate around its environment.

Plant cells are rectangular.

Animal cells are circular.

All specimens in the lab contain RNA, DNA, cell membranes, and ribosomes.

Cell Lab done in class on 9/29-30/10.

Specimen viewed under microscope:

Onion cells

Streptococcus cells

Elodea leaf cells

Human cheek cell

Frog blood cells

Tomato skin cells

Potato cells

Spirogyra cells (Algae)

Posted on 9/30/10

Next Scribe: Sally