Scribe 5/16/11

New unit!
First topic: Circulation

What's the purpose of the circulatory system?

1. Maintains the exchange of materials in/out of our bodies
2. Efficient internal transport system of blood and other substances
3. Allows diffusion to occur by giving cells the resources they need

-Oxygen from the lungs go to blood, then to tissue
-Carbon Dioxide from tissue go to blood, then to the lungs

-Basically, the circulatory system gets rid of waste in our bodies (Carbon Dioxide, urine, feces)

There are two types!
-OPEN circulatory system:
--Blood is pumped through open blood vessels and flows among cells
--Invertebrates (no backbone), mollusks (snail), arthropods (insects)

-CLOSED circulatory system:
--Blood pumps within a secluded blood vessel amongst itself
--vertebrates (backbone), earthworm, octopus

Comparative Anatomy: Hearts
-Fish: 2
-Amphibian (Frog): 3
-Reptile (Lizard): 3-4
-Bird/Mammal (Crow/You): 4

The cardiovascular system is a fascinatingly complex one that uniquely comprises primarily (but not exclusively (unless the discussion's basis revolves around the idea of simplistic measures)) of the hard-working heart and the efficiently excellent blood vessels, which are (needless to mention) inevitably teamed up (or forced to work) with the rigorous, colossal player in the soccer stadium, the motivated student in the school, the Lithium-ion 700 Milliamp battery in the Samsung Galaxy S phone, blood (or sangre, in Spanish).

What the...?
Cardiovascular system=heart+blood vessels+blood!

Parts:
Atrium=heart chamber that RECEIVES BLOOD
Ventricle=heart chamber that KICKS OUT BLOOD

Rankings!
Blood vessels: arteries, then arterioles, then capillaries, then venules, then veins.

DIFFUSION OCCURS IN THE CAPILLARIES.

SO...... where does blood travel?
1. Right ventricle
2. Lungs
3. Pulmonary valve
4. Capillaries (oxy diffuses into blood)
5. Pulmonary veins
6. Left Atrium (oxy rich!)
7. Bicuspid valve
8. Left ventricle
9. Aortic valve
10. Aorta
11. Capillaries (O2 diffuses into tissues, CO2 diffuses into blood)
12. Superior Vena Cava
13. Inferior Vena Cava
14. Right Atrium
15. Tricuspid Valve
16. Dispersed to supply arteries!

How does the heart work?
-Atria has thin walls, pumps blood to VENTRICLE
-Ventricle has THICK walls, pumps blood to BODY
-Valves make sure blood doesn't come back inside
-4 chambers make it easy to separate oxy rich and oxy poor blood!

Cardiac Cycle
-Definition: rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart
Two phases of this cycle!
1. Diastole-relaxation
2. Systole-contraction

Homework: Read chapter 23 pages 503-514.
Late arrival tomorrow!

3/9/11

CHANGES IN THE PLANT LAB: (UP 11)
For the graph, you will draw 4 lines per line graph.
1. Your water rosette
2. Your GA rosette
3. Class Avg. water rosette
4. Class Avg. GA rosette

New terms:
gibberellin ~ substance that make stems longer
hormone ~ substance that messes with women during pregnancy (transports around organism with specific effect)
node ~ points where leaves are connected
internode ~ part of stem in between 2 nodes

Why study plants?
-B.E.A. uuuutiful. -Jim Carrey, Bruce Almighty -Foodclothesenergylumberpaperoxygenwaterrecreationart ETC.
-Forests are being destroyed... we are gon' learn how we can help!

PLANT KINGDOM
-Multicellular Eukaryotic Autotroph

Adapted to Land:
1. Mycorrhizae ~ plant root/fungi alliance
Fungi absorb the soil's minerals for plant, plant's sugar nourishes fungi in return.
2. Stomata ~ pores in a leaf exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen.
3. Cuticle (Cutin) ~ leaf wax, holds water
4. Lignin ~ hardens cell walls
5. Roots and shoots ~ stem plant growth
6. Xylem tissue moves water up^
Phloem tissue moves food around <>
7. Gametangia ~ cell shield that guards female gamete chamber
8. Seed dispersal ~ relies on wind/animals... =plant reproduction

Origin of Plants from Green Algae
Charophycean ~ multicell green algae-Mother of Plants
Plant Evolution: 1. bryophytes (moss)
2. ferns (reproduce via spore)
3. gymnosperms (Christmas trees)
4. angiosperms (flowers)

1. bryophytes
-MOSS, many plants packed together
-NO CUTICLE WAX, no true roots
-reproduce needs water, flagellated sperm swim to egg
-No vascular tissue(no water transport), no lignin(cell wall)
-Damp Dark places
-Green sponge plant ~ gametophyte
-Grows from gametophyte, tall brown shoot with capsule ~ sporophyte

Generations Take Turns
-Generations take turns making each other
Gametophytes' egg and sperm make zygote, makes new sporophytes
Sporophytes' spores make strong organisms, makes new gametophytes

[Note to next scribe: Start off notes with II.Ferns on page 7 of note packet.]

Extra Credit: Find moss with both Gametophyte and Sporophyte generations and bring em'!

WILDLANDS PROJECT: SHOULD WE SAVE THEM?
-In groups of 4, an American wildland was chosen and we are to research them.
-Using GoogleDocs, we are to create an 8 minute presentation that we will present when we return from SPRING BREAK! ... (to get to GoogleDocs, sign in with your Glenbrook225 email on Google.com and on the top left of Google, there should be a 'More' arrow...click and select "Documents"
-Requirements for project are on page 3 of UP, Rubric on page 4 of UP
-Next Friday, 3/18, will be the 2nd and last IMC work day. Be solid by then.

SPLIT UP THE WORK.



scribe: Justin Timberlake

2/8/11 Class Overview

Notes:

How to tell geologic time using fossils

Macroevolution - large scale evolution (one species turns into another)
Microevolution - minor evolutionary changes

-Fossils in sedimentary rocks show that macroevolution has happened
-Earth's layers show a record of life
-Layers of sediment/fossil dating don't tell exact age... only ballpark/relative
-Layers closer to Earth's surface are youngest
-Deeper down low are older

4 Eras of Time: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenezoic

Radiometric Dating
-Measure how much radiation a fossil releases as they break down
-The amount of radiation as well as level of decay give you exact years
-Half-Life=the amount of time it takes for half of a fossil to radioactively decay
--So if a bat fossil would normally take 100 years to decay, its half-life is 50 years
--Think of the decay period (100 years) as the fossil's life, half of it is 50
-To date very old fossils, paleontologists simply use isotopes with longer half-lives
-Isotope=an atom (like the M&M's in our lab today) with uneven numbers of protons/neutrons

Continental Drift: Pangaea
-The idea that all land in the world used to be one huge piece of land
-It broke apart slowly into the separate pieces of today
-Still breaking apart.... 2 cm/year (Thanks Nick)
-Impacts of land break=extinctions, species isolation according to continents
-Plate boundaries=place where 2 plates meet
-Earthquakes occur at plate boundaries





In-Class Lab: M&M's

Purpose: To learn how radiometric dating and radioactive decay work

-The M&M's represented atoms that were radioactively decaying
-We took 100 and kept decaying them randomly by spreading them out and removing the ones that had no "M" inscribed on top. The removal represented decay~
-Once they decayed to around 50, the half-life was found by seeing how much time it took to get to 50 because half-life is a time period

Quiz on all evolution tomorrow.

Next Scribe: Bridget

Scribe Post 11/19/10

In class on Friday, November 19th, we finished up the Genetics note packet, which is chapter 9 in our Biology textbooks.


pleiotrophy - occurs when ONE gene influences MANY physical traits




polygenic inheritance - when MANY genes effect ONE physical trait
-explains how parent can have offspring with different eye/skin color that they have


Genetics Disorder Crosses:

Dominant disorders include Achondroplasia (Dwarfism), Alzheimer's disease (mental disorder), Huntington's disease (mental disorder/uncontrollable movements), and Hypercholesterolemia (too much cholesterol in blood/heart disease). Requires at least one dominant allele to get these diseases. (Aa)

Recessive disorders include Albinism (white skin/hair/eyes), Cystic fibrosis (excessive mucus in lungs/liver, more vulnerable to infections), Sickle-cell disease (sickled red blood cells, damaged tissues), and Tay-Sachs disease (messed up brain cells). Requires 2 recessive alleles to get these diseases. (aa)

Types of Fetal Testing:
amniocentesis - extracting SAMPLE of baby's amniotic fluid, baby's cells, and karyotypes to check baby's status

chorionic villus sampling (CVS) - sample of fetal tissue cells from woman's placenta (fetus feeder/cleaner)

ultrasound imaging - uses sound waves to produce an image of the fetus (doesn't harm the baby)

fetoscopy - a tube with a scope is inserted into the uterus for a direct view

family history, blood tests, genetic counseling~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Potpourri (Pedigree Charts too) crosses

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance - genes are located on chromosomes; inheritance patterns are explained by the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis

Gene Linkage - alleles that are on the same chromosome travel together during meiosis and fertilization which means they're inherited together. They DO NOT follow Mendel's principle of independent assortment.

Y Chromosome - MANLINESS, 1/3 size of X chromosome, has 1/100 as many genes as X chromosome, not much crossing over, passes intact from father to son, can trace ancestry of males based on Y chromosome


Next Scribe: Claire

MITOSIS 10/8/10

James
Unit 2 - CELLS
MITOSIS = cell division
Scribe Post for Friday, 10/8/10

Cells divide to replace damaged cells, reproduce organisms, to grow, to transfer genes from cell to cell, and for a unicellular organism to become multicellular

TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
Sexual (MEIOSIS)- fertilization of an egg by sperm (each contain half of the parent cell's chromosomes), occurs in reproductive organs (ovaries/testes)

Asexual (MITOSIS)- no fertilization at all, parent and offspring have the same genes, binary fission (organism splits into 2, found in single celled organisms)

Chromosomes

-Contain almost all genes of a eukaryotic cell
-Visible with light microscope during cell division
-Chromatin (invisible) are masses of long thin fibers, contain DNA/protein
-Before cell division, chromatin coils up to form chromosomes
-Humans have 46 chromosomes (varies by species)
-Each chromosome can have over 1,000 genes

Chromosome Replication

-Genetic material must be doubled before cell division to make sure that the daughter cells match the parent cell
--Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other connected at the centromere
--Daughter cells are the result of cell division, DOES NOT IMPLY GENDER

The Cell Cycle

Interphase (Pre-Mitosis) - 90% of cell cycle
-GI (Gap 1) - cell grows 2x bigger, protein synthesis, more organelles, 2x cytoplasm
-S (Synthesis) - chromosome replication (in nucleus)
-G2 (Gap 2) - Final preparation before division



Prophase - CHROMOSOMES AND SPINDLE FIBERS COME, NUCLEAR ENVELOPE GOES!
-Chromosomes coil/condense to become visible
-Nucleoli disappears
-Sister chromatids connected at centromere
-Spindle forms

-Nuclear envelope breaks down
-Spindle attaches to centromeres and move chromosomes to center of cell

Metaphase - DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES CENTER UP!
-Spindle completely formed
-Centromeres on chromosomes are lined up on equator between the poles
-Spindle is attached to each sister chromatid, pushes chromosomes to center

Anaphase - DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES SEPARATE AND MIGRATE!

-Sister chromatids are separated and each are now known as daughter chromosomes
-Motor proteins on centromeres move chromosomes toward opposite pole of cell
-Spindle attached to chromosomes shorten
-Spindle not attached to chromosomes lengthen to extend cell and force poles further apart to prepare for daughter cells

Telophase - NUCLEAR MEMBRANE FORMS AROUND NEW CHROMOSOMES!

-Begins once chromosomes reach poles
-Opposite of Prophase
--Nuclear envelope REAPPEARS
--Nucleoli REAPPEAR
--Chromosomes UNCOIL
--Spindle DISAPPEARS
--MITOSIS IS NOW FINISHED

Cytokinesis - CYTOPLASM DIVIDES TO FORM 2 DAUGHTER CELLS!

-Begins during telophase
-'CLEAVAGE' in animal cells
-cleavage = indent at equator of cell that pinches cell in 2
-Formed by ring of microfilaments inside cell membrane
-In plant cells, cell plate forms by starting in center of cell and moving outward to bisect cell

Cell Cycle Control

-Cells that are not directed by the cell cycle divide out of control
-Result is a benign tumor (abnormal mass of normal cells)
--can cause problems depending on location
--as it grows, displaces normal tissue

Cancer

-Cancer cells have faulty cell cycle, divide out of control
-Malignant tumor = lump that results from division of cancer cell
-Metastasis = spreading of cancer cells to other organs
-Cancer is named for where they begin
--Carcinomas - originate in external/internal coverings of body
--Sarcomas - originate in tissues that support body
--Leukemia - cancer of blood forming tissue (bone marrow)
--Lymphomas - cancer of blood forming tissue (lymph nodes)

Cancer Treatments

Radiation Therapy

-Cancer cells exposed to high-energy radiation disrupt cell division
-Radiation destroys cancer cells without harming normal cells
-Bad side effects (sterility)

Chemotherapy

-Drugs that disrupt cell division
-Antimitotic drugs - prevent cell division by interfering with spindle formation

NEXT SCRIBE: Davin L